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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Account lockout — MIT Kerberos Documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/agogo.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/kerb.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '1.15.1', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="MIT Kerberos Documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="For administrators" href="index.html" /> <link rel="next" title="Configuring Kerberos with OpenLDAP back-end" href="conf_ldap.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Database administration" href="database.html" /> </head> <body> <div class="header-wrapper"> <div class="header"> <h1><a href="../index.html">MIT Kerberos Documentation</a></h1> <div class="rel"> <a href="../index.html" title="Full Table of Contents" accesskey="C">Contents</a> | <a href="database.html" title="Database administration" accesskey="P">previous</a> | <a href="conf_ldap.html" title="Configuring Kerberos with OpenLDAP back-end" accesskey="N">next</a> | <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a> | <a href="../search.html" title="Enter search criteria" accesskey="S">Search</a> | <a href="mailto:krb5-bugs@mit.edu?subject=Documentation__Account lockout">feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content-wrapper"> <div class="content"> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="account-lockout"> <h1>Account lockout<a class="headerlink" href="#account-lockout" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>As of release 1.8, the KDC can be configured to lock out principals after a number of failed authentication attempts within a period of time. Account lockout can make it more difficult to attack a principal’s password by brute force, but also makes it easy for an attacker to deny access to a principal.</p> <div class="section" id="configuring-account-lockout"> <h2>Configuring account lockout<a class="headerlink" href="#configuring-account-lockout" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Account lockout only works for principals with the <strong>+requires_preauth</strong> flag set. Without this flag, the KDC cannot know whether or not a client successfully decrypted the ticket it issued. It is also important to set the <strong>-allow_svr</strong> flag on a principal to protect its password from an off-line dictionary attack through a TGS request. You can set these flags on a principal with <a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/kadmin_local.html#kadmin-1"><em>kadmin</em></a> as follows:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>kadmin: modprinc +requires_preauth -allow_svr PRINCNAME</pre> </div> <p>Account lockout parameters are configured via <a class="reference internal" href="database.html#policies"><em>policy objects</em></a>. There may be an existing policy associated with user principals (such as the “default” policy), or you may need to create a new one and associate it with each user principal.</p> <p>The policy parameters related to account lockout are:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="database.html#policy-maxfailure"><em>maxfailure</em></a>: the number of failed attempts before the principal is locked out</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="database.html#policy-failurecountinterval"><em>failurecountinterval</em></a>: the allowable interval between failed attempts</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="database.html#policy-lockoutduration"><em>lockoutduration</em></a>: the amount of time a principal is locked out for</li> </ul> <p>Here is an example of setting these parameters on a new policy and associating it with a principal:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>kadmin: addpol -maxfailure 10 -failurecountinterval 180 -lockoutduration 60 lockout_policy kadmin: modprinc -policy lockout_policy PRINCNAME</pre> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="testing-account-lockout"> <h2>Testing account lockout<a class="headerlink" href="#testing-account-lockout" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>To test that account lockout is working, try authenticating as the principal (hopefully not one that might be in use) multiple times with the wrong password. For instance, if <strong>maxfailure</strong> is set to 2, you might see:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>$ kinit user Password for user@KRBTEST.COM: kinit: Password incorrect while getting initial credentials $ kinit user Password for user@KRBTEST.COM: kinit: Password incorrect while getting initial credentials $ kinit user kinit: Client's credentials have been revoked while getting initial credentials</pre> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="account-lockout-principal-state"> <h2>Account lockout principal state<a class="headerlink" href="#account-lockout-principal-state" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>A principal entry keeps three pieces of state related to account lockout:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>The time of last successful authentication</li> <li>The time of last failed authentication</li> <li>A counter of failed attempts</li> </ul> <p>The time of last successful authentication is not actually needed for the account lockout system to function, but may be of administrative interest. These fields can be observed with the <strong>getprinc</strong> kadmin command. For example:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>kadmin: getprinc user Principal: user@KRBTEST.COM ... Last successful authentication: [never] Last failed authentication: Mon Dec 03 12:30:33 EST 2012 Failed password attempts: 2 ...</pre> </div> <p>A principal which has been locked out can be administratively unlocked with the <strong>-unlock</strong> option to the <strong>modprinc</strong> kadmin command:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>kadmin: modprinc -unlock PRINCNAME</pre> </div> <p>This command will reset the number of failed attempts to 0.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="kdc-replication-and-account-lockout"> <h2>KDC replication and account lockout<a class="headerlink" href="#kdc-replication-and-account-lockout" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The account lockout state of a principal is not replicated by either traditional <a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/kprop.html#kprop-8"><em>kprop</em></a> or incremental propagation. Because of this, the number of attempts an attacker can make within a time period is multiplied by the number of KDCs. For instance, if the <strong>maxfailure</strong> parameter on a policy is 10 and there are four KDCs in the environment (a master and three slaves), an attacker could make as many as 40 attempts before the principal is locked out on all four KDCs.</p> <p>An administrative unlock is propagated from the master to the slave KDCs during the next propagation. Propagation of an administrative unlock will cause the counter of failed attempts on each slave to reset to 1 on the next failure.</p> <p>If a KDC environment uses a replication strategy other than kprop or incremental propagation, such as the LDAP KDB module with multi-master LDAP replication, then account lockout state may be replicated between KDCs and the concerns of this section may not apply.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="kdc-performance-and-account-lockout"> <h2>KDC performance and account lockout<a class="headerlink" href="#kdc-performance-and-account-lockout" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>In order to fully track account lockout state, the KDC must write to the the database on each successful and failed authentication. Writing to the database is generally more expensive than reading from it, so these writes may have a significant impact on KDC performance. As of release 1.9, it is possible to turn off account lockout state tracking in order to improve performance, by setting the <strong>disable_last_success</strong> and <strong>disable_lockout</strong> variables in the database module subsection of <a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/kdc_conf.html#kdc-conf-5"><em>kdc.conf</em></a>. For example:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>[dbmodules] DB = { disable_last_success = true disable_lockout = true }</pre> </div> <p>Of the two variables, setting <strong>disable_last_success</strong> will usually have the largest positive impact on performance, and will still allow account lockout policies to operate. However, it will make it impossible to observe the last successful authentication time with kadmin.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="kdc-setup-and-account-lockout"> <h2>KDC setup and account lockout<a class="headerlink" href="#kdc-setup-and-account-lockout" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>To update the account lockout state on principals, the KDC must be able to write to the principal database. For the DB2 module, no special setup is required. For the LDAP module, the KDC DN must be granted write access to the principal objects. If the KDC DN has only read access, account lockout will not function.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar"> <h2>On this page</h2> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Account lockout</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-account-lockout">Configuring account lockout</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-account-lockout">Testing account lockout</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#account-lockout-principal-state">Account lockout principal state</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#kdc-replication-and-account-lockout">KDC replication and account lockout</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#kdc-performance-and-account-lockout">KDC performance and account lockout</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#kdc-setup-and-account-lockout">KDC setup and account lockout</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <br/> <h2>Table of contents</h2> <ul class="current"> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../user/index.html">For users</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">For administrators</a><ul class="current"> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="install.html">Installation guide</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/index.html">Configuration Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="realm_config.html">Realm configuration decisions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database.html">Database administration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="">Account lockout</a><ul class="simple"> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conf_ldap.html">Configuring Kerberos with OpenLDAP back-end</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="appl_servers.html">Application servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="host_config.html">Host configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="backup_host.html">Backups of secure hosts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pkinit.html">PKINIT configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="otp.html">OTP Preauthentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="princ_dns.html">Principal names and DNS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enctypes.html">Encryption types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https.html">HTTPS proxy configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="auth_indicator.html">Authentication indicators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/index.html">Administration programs</a></li> <li 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