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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>
git-whatchanged(1) Manual Page
</h1>
<h2>NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-whatchanged -
   Show logs with difference each commit introduces
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git whatchanged</em> &lt;option&gt;&#8230;</pre>
<div class="attribution">
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Shows commit logs and diff output each commit introduces.  The
command internally invokes <em>git rev-list</em> piped to
<em>git diff-tree</em>, and takes command line options for both of
these commands.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-p
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show textual diffs, instead of the Git internal diff
        output format that is useful only to tell the changed
        paths and their nature of changes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-&lt;n&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Limit output to &lt;n&gt; commits.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
&lt;since&gt;..&lt;until&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Limit output to between the two named commits (bottom
        exclusive, top inclusive).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-r
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show Git internal diff output, but for the whole tree,
        not just the top level.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-m
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        By default, differences for merge commits are not shown.
        With this flag, show differences to that commit from all
        of its parents.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>However, it is not very useful in general, although it
<strong>is</strong> useful on a file-by-file basis.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--pretty[=&lt;format&gt;]
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--format=&lt;format&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
        where <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
        <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em> and <em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em>.  See
        the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each
        format.  When omitted, the format defaults to <em>medium</em>.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--abbrev-commit
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
        name, show only a partial prefix.  Non default number of
        digits can be specified with "--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;" (which also modifies
        diff output, if it is displayed).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
people using 80-column terminals.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-abbrev-commit
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
        <code>--abbrev-commit</code> and those options which imply it such as
        "--oneline". It also overrides the <em>log.abbrevCommit</em> variable.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--oneline
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit"
        used together.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--encoding[=&lt;encoding&gt;]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message
        in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
        command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
        preferred by the user.  For non plumbing commands this
        defaults to UTF-8.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--notes[=&lt;ref&gt;]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show the notes (see <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>) that annotate the
        commit, when showing the commit log message.  This is the default
        for <code>git log</code>, <code>git show</code> and <code>git whatchanged</code> commands when
        there is no <code>--pretty</code>, <code>--format</code> nor <code>--oneline</code> option given
        on the command line.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the
<em>core.notesRef</em> and <em>notes.displayRef</em> variables (or corresponding
environment overrides). See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With an optional <em>&lt;ref&gt;</em> argument, show this notes ref instead of the
default notes ref(s). The ref is taken to be in <code>refs/notes/</code> if it
is not qualified.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are
being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from
"refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both notes from
"refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-notes
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Do not show notes. This negates the above <code>--notes</code> option, by
        resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown.
        Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g.
        "--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes
        from "refs/notes/bar".
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--show-notes[=&lt;ref&gt;]
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--[no-]standard-notes
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes
        options instead.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--show-signature
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature
        to <code>gpg --verify</code> and show the output.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_pretty_formats">PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line.  This line begins with
"Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed,
separated by spaces.  Note that the listed commits may not
necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
file.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are several built-in formats, and you can define
additional formats by setting a pretty.&lt;name&gt;
config option to either another format name, or a
<em>format:</em> string, as described below (see
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). Here are the details of the
built-in formats:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>oneline</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;sha1&gt; &lt;title line&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>short</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
Author: &lt;author&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;title line&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>medium</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
Author: &lt;author&gt;
Date:   &lt;author date&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;title line&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;full commit message&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>full</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
Author: &lt;author&gt;
Commit: &lt;committer&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;title line&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;full commit message&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>fuller</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
Author:     &lt;author&gt;
AuthorDate: &lt;author date&gt;
Commit:     &lt;committer&gt;
CommitDate: &lt;committer date&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;title line&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;full commit message&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>email</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>From &lt;sha1&gt; &lt;date&gt;
From: &lt;author&gt;
Date: &lt;author date&gt;
Subject: [PATCH] &lt;title line&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;full commit message&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>raw</em>
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
stored in the commit object.  Notably, the SHA-1s are
displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
--no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history
simplification into account.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em>
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em> format allows you to specify which information
you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
instead of <em>\n</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was &gt;&gt;%s&lt;&lt;%n"</em>
would show something like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
The title was &gt;&gt;t4119: test autocomputing -p&lt;n&gt; for traditional diff input.&lt;&lt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The placeholders are:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>%H</em>: commit hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%h</em>: abbreviated commit hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%T</em>: tree hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%t</em>: abbreviated tree hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%P</em>: parent hashes
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%p</em>: abbreviated parent hashes
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%an</em>: author name
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%aN</em>: author name (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
  or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ae</em>: author email
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%aE</em>: author email (respecting .mailmap, see
  <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ad</em>: author date (format respects --date= option)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%aD</em>: author date, RFC2822 style
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ar</em>: author date, relative
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%at</em>: author date, UNIX timestamp
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ai</em>: author date, ISO 8601 format
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cn</em>: committer name
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cN</em>: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see
  <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ce</em>: committer email
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cE</em>: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see
  <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cd</em>: committer date
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cD</em>: committer date, RFC2822 style
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cr</em>: committer date, relative
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ct</em>: committer date, UNIX timestamp
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ci</em>: committer date, ISO 8601 format
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%d</em>: ref names, like the --decorate option of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%e</em>: encoding
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%s</em>: subject
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%f</em>: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%b</em>: body
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%B</em>: raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%N</em>: commit notes
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%GG</em>: raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%G?</em>: show "G" for a Good signature, "B" for a Bad signature, "U" for a good,
  untrusted signature and "N" for no signature
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%GS</em>: show the name of the signer for a signed commit
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%GK</em>: show the key used to sign a signed commit
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gD</em>: reflog selector, e.g., <code>refs/stash@{1}</code>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gd</em>: shortened reflog selector, e.g., <code>stash@{1}</code>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gn</em>: reflog identity name
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gN</em>: reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see
  <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ge</em>: reflog identity email
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gE</em>: reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see
  <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%gs</em>: reflog subject
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Cred</em>: switch color to red
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Cgreen</em>: switch color to green
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Cblue</em>: switch color to blue
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Creset</em>: reset color
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%C(&#8230;)</em>: color specification, as described in color.branch.* config option;
  adding <code>auto,</code> at the beginning will emit color only when colors are
  enabled for log output (by <code>color.diff</code>, <code>color.ui</code>, or <code>--color</code>, and
  respecting the <code>auto</code> settings of the former if we are going to a
  terminal). <code>auto</code> alone (i.e. <code>%C(auto)</code>) will turn on auto coloring
  on the next placeholders until the color is switched again.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%m</em>: left, right or boundary mark
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%n</em>: newline
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%%</em>: a raw <em>%</em>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%x00</em>: print a byte from a hex code
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%w([&lt;w&gt;[,&lt;i1&gt;[,&lt;i2&gt;]]])</em>: switch line wrapping, like the -w option of
  <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%&lt;(&lt;N&gt;[,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])</em>: make the next placeholder take at
  least N columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary.
  Optionally truncate at the beginning (ltrunc), the middle (mtrunc)
  or the end (trunc) if the output is longer than N columns.
  Note that truncating only works correctly with N &gt;= 2.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%&lt;|(&lt;N&gt;)</em>: make the next placeholder take at least until Nth
  columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%&gt;(&lt;N&gt;)</em>, <em>%&gt;|(&lt;N&gt;)</em>: similar to <em>%&lt;(&lt;N&gt;)</em>, <em>%&lt;|(&lt;N&gt;)</em>
  respectively, but padding spaces on the left
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%&gt;&gt;(&lt;N&gt;)</em>, <em>%&gt;&gt;|(&lt;N&gt;)</em>: similar to <em>%&gt;(&lt;N&gt;)</em>, <em>%&gt;|(&lt;N&gt;)</em>
  respectively, except that if the next placeholder takes more spaces
  than given and there are spaces on its left, use those spaces
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%&gt;&lt;(&lt;N&gt;)</em>, <em>%&gt;&lt;|(&lt;N&gt;)</em>: similar to <em>% &lt;(&lt;N&gt;)</em>, <em>%&lt;|(&lt;N&gt;)</em>
  respectively, but padding both sides (i.e. the text is centered)
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the
revision traversal engine. For example, the <code>%g*</code> reflog options will
insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
<code>git log -g</code>). The <code>%d</code> placeholder will use the "short" decoration
format if <code>--decorate</code> was not already provided on the command line.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a <code>+</code> (plus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a line-feed
is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a <code>-</code> (minus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, line-feeds that
immediately precede the expansion are deleted if and only if the
placeholder expands to an empty string.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a ` ` (space) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a space
is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>tformat:</em>
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
  | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973 -- NO NEWLINE

$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
  | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, any unrecognized string that has a <code>%</code> in it is interpreted
as if it has <code>tformat:</code> in front of it.  For example, these two are
equivalent:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
$ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef</code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_examples">Examples</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>git whatchanged -p v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show as patches the commits since version <em>v2.6.12</em> that changed
        any file in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>git whatchanged --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file <em>gitk</em>.
        The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the <strong>branch</strong> named
        <em>gitk</em>
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2013-06-10 20:01:55 UTC
</div>
</div>
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