EVOLUTION-MANAGER

Edit File: indx.md

**INDEX** | array, two-dimensional | 103 | | | --- | --- | --- | | arrays and pointers arrays of structures | 93,123 | 110 | | | ASCII character set | 17, | 35, | 40, | asm keyword 180 + addition operator 37, 188 & address operator 89, 187 \ backslash character 7, 35, 180 & bitwise AND operator 44, 190 bitwise exclusive OR operator 44, 190 I bitwise inclusive OR operator 44, 190 ?: conditional expression 47, 191 - - decrement operator 16, 42, 102, 187 / division operator 10, 37, 188 == equality operator 17, 38, 190 \ escape character 7, 35, 180 \> greater than operator 38, 189 \>= greater than or equal to operator 38, 189 ++ increment operator 16, 42, 102, 187 \* indirection operator 89, 187 != inequality operator 14, 38, 190 « left shift operator 45, 189 \< less than operator 38, 189 \<= less than or equal to operator 38, 189 && logical AND operator 19, 38, 45, 190 ! logical negation operator 38, 187 I I logical OR operator 19, 38, 45, 191 % modulus operator 37, 188 \* multiplication operator 37, 188 one's complement operator 45, 187 » right shift operator 45, 189 - \> structure pointer operator 122, 185 - subtraction operator 37, 188 - unary minus operator 37, 187 \O null character 27, 35 abstract declarator 199 access mode, file 152, 162 addition operator, + 37, 188 additive operators 188 address arithmetic 3, 96 address of variable 24, 89 address operator, & 89, 187 aggregate 198 alignment by union 174 alignment, field 138, 196 alignment restriction 130, 133, 140, 157, 173, 210 alloc function 97, 175 allocator, storage 96, 133, 136, 210 ambiguity, if-else 52, 201 anachronisms 212 _a.out_ 6, 68 argc argument count 110 argument conversion 42 argument, function 6, 23, 186 argument list 6 argument, pointer 95 argument, subarray 95 arguments, command-line 110 arguments, #define 87 arguments, variable number of 71 argv argument vector 110 arithmetic conversions 39, 184 arithmetic operators 37, 188 arithmetic, pointer 90, 94, 96, 113, 129, 188 arithmetic types 183 array, character 18, 25, 99 array declaration 20, 195 array, explanation of subscripting 93, 210 array initialization 83, 109, 198 array, initialization of two-dimensional 105 array, multi-dimensional 103, 210 array name argument 3, 24, 71, 95, 105, 205 array name, conversion of 94, 185 array of pointers 105 array size, default 84, 109, 124, 195 array, storage order of 104, 210 array subscripts, two-dimensional 104 127 221 222 THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE assignment, conversion by 41, 191 assignment expression 15, 19, 47, 191 assignment, multiple 19 assignment operators 38, 46, 191 assignment statement, nested 15, 19 assignment suppression, scanf 148 associativity of operators 48, 185 atof function 69 atoi function 39, 58 auto storage class 23, 28, 192 automatic variable 23, 28, 72 automatics, initialization of 28, 37, 82, 198 automatics, scope of 76 \b backspace character 7 backslash character, \ 7, 35, 180 backspace character, \b 7 binary search function 54, 125, 129 binary tree 130 bit fields 136, 196 bit manipulation idioms 137 bitcount function 47 bitwise AND operator, & 44, 190 bitwise exclusive OR operator, ^ 44, 190 bitwise inclusive OR operator, I 44, 190 bitwise operators 44, 190 block 51, 81, 201 block structure 3, 51, 81, 201 blocks, initialization in 201 boundary condition 17, 61, 109 braces 6, 9, 51 braces, position of 10 break statement 56, 61, 203 buffered getchar 162 buffered input 160 byte 126, 188 %c conversion 11 C preprocessor 86 C program verifier _(lint)_ 3 | calculator program | 1. | 1. | 75, | 150 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | call by reference 3, | 24, | 91 | | | | call by value 3, 24, | 1. | 91, | 186 | | calloc storage allocator 157 case prefix 55, 202 cast operator 42, 133, 157, 187, 199 _cat_ program 151, 153, 154 _cc_ command 6, 68, 144 cfree 157 char type 9, 34, 182, 193 character, \ escape 35 character array 18, 25, 99 character array initialization 84, 199 character constant 17, 35, 180 character constant, octal 35 character count program 16 character input/output 13 character, negative 183 character pointer 99 character set, ASCII 17, 35, 40, 127 character set, EBCDIC 35, 40 character, signed 40, 182 character string 7, 36, 80, 181 character testing functions 156 character-integer conversion 21, 39, 183 close system call 163 coercion operator 42 comma operator 58, 192 command-line arguments 110 comment 8, 179 commutative operators 37, 49, 185 comparison, pointer 98, 189 compilation, separate 3, 65, 76, 205 compiler control lines 207 compiling a C program 6, 23 compiling multiple files 68 compound statement 51, 81, 201 conditional compilation 208 | conditional expression, ? : | 47, 191 | | --- | --- | | constant, character | 17, | 35, | 180 | | constant, double | 181 | | | | constant expression | 35, | 55, | 211 | constant, floating 10, 181 constant, hexadecimal 35, 180 constant, integer 10, 180 constant, long 35, 180 constant, octal 35, 180 constant, symbolic 12, 14, 18, 86, 127 constants 180 continue statement 62, 203 conversion by assignment 41, 191 conversion by return 70, 203 conversion, character-integer 21, 39, 183 conversion, double-float 42, 184 conversion, float-double 41, 69, 184 conversion, floating-integer 42, 184 conversion, format 10 conversion, function argument 42, 186 conversion, input 92 conversion, integer-character 41, 183 conversion, integer-floating 10, 184 conversion, integer-long 183 conversion, integer-pointer 188, 210 conversion, integer-unsigned 184 conversion, long-integer 183 conversion of array name 94, 185 conversion of function 185 conversion operator, explicit 187, 210 conversion, pointer 133, 188, 210 conversion, pointer-integer 102, 184, 188, 210 conversion rules 41 conversion, truth value 41 conversion, unsigned-integer 184 **INDEX** 223 conversions, arithmetic 39, 184 copy function 26 copy program 15 _cp_ program 163 **creat** system call 162 **%d** conversion 11 data definitions 205 data structure, recursive 131 date conversion 103, 119, 121 **day\_of\_year** function 104, 122 declaration, array 20, 195 declaration, **extern** 30 declaration, field 137, 196 declaration, **FILE** 151 declaration, implicit 208 declaration, mandatory 8, 36, 76 declaration of external variable 28 declaration of function 194 declaration of function, implicit 68, 186, 209 declaration of pointer 90, 95, 194 declaration, **register** 81 declaration, **static** 80 declaration, storage class 192 declaration, structure 119, 196 declaration, syntax of 36 declaration, type 194 declaration, **typedef** 140, 192, 200 declaration, **union** 138, 196 declaration vs. definition 76 declarations 192 declarator 193 declarator, abstract 199 decrement operator, -- 16, 42, 102, 187 default array size 84, 109, 124, 195 default initialization 84, 198 **default** prefix 55, 203 defensive programming 53, 56 **#define** 12, 86, 207 **#define** arguments 87 **#define,** too-long 86 definition, external 28, 204 definition, function 23, 67, 204 definition of external variable 30 dependency, machine 40, 138, 139, 141 derived types 3, 9, 183 descriptor, file 159 directory 169 **dir .h** directory structure 169 division, integer 10, 37, 212 division operator, / 10, 37, 188 DO loop idiom 57 **do** statement 3, 59, 202 do-nothing function 67 **double** constant **181** double quote character 7, 18, 36 **double** type 9, 16, 34, 193 **double-float** conversion 42, 184 **E** notation 34 EBCDIC character set 35, 40 **echo program** 111 efficiency 47, 65, 81, 85, 108, 127, 133, 143, 160, 176 #else 208 **else** statement 19 **else-if** 21, 53 empty function 67 empty statement 16, 204 end of file 14, 144 end of string 27, 35 **#endif** 208 **entry** 180 **EOF,** value of 14, 40, 144 equality operator, == 17, 38, 190 equality operators 38, 190 escape character, \ 7, 35, 180 escape sequence 7, 17, 36, 180 evaluation, order of 19, 37, 45, 49, 50, 59, 75,87,91,185,212 **exit, \_exit** 154 explicit conversion operator 187, 210 explicit type conversion 42, 133, 157 exponentiation 22 expression 185 expression, assignment 15, 19, 47, 191 expression, constant 35, 55, 211 expression, parenthesized 186 expression, primary 185 expression statement 51, 53, 201 expression, subscript 20 expression, type of 12 expression, unary 187 expressions, order of evaluation of 49, 185 **extern** declaration 30 **extern** storage class 192 external data definitions 205 external definition 28, 204 external names, length of 33, 179 external **static** variables 80 external variable 28, 72 external variable, declaration of 28 external variable, definition of 30 externals, initialization of 37, 72, 77, 82 externals, scope of 76, 206 %f conversion 11, 16 **fclose** 153 **fgets** 155 field alignment 138, 196 field declaration 137, 196 field width 137 fields, restrictions on 138, 197 file access 151, 159 224 THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE file access mode 152, 162 file appending 152, 164 file concatenation 151 file copy program 14, 161 file creation 152, 159 **FILE** declaration 151 file descriptor 159 file, end of 14, 144 file inclusion 86, 207 file opening 151, 159 file pointer 151, 165 file protection mode 162 file, rewind 164 \_fillbuf function 168 float type 9, 34, 193 float-double conversion 41, 69, 184 floating constant 10, 181 floating types 183 floating-integer conversion 42, 184 fopen 151 fopen function 167 for statement 3, 11, 16, 56, 202 formal parameter 23, 81, 95, 204 format conversion 10 formatted input 11, 147 formatted output 10, 145 fortran keyword 180 fprintf 152 fputs 155 free function 97, 177 free-form input 92 fscanf 152 _fsize_ program 171 function argument 6, 23, 186 function argument conversion 42, 186 function call semantics 186 function call syntax 186 function, conversion of 185 function, declaration of 194 function definition 23, 67, 204 function, implicit declaration of 68, 186, 209 function names, length of 33, 179 function, pointer to 114, 141, 209 function return value 23 functions, character testing 156 functions, operations permitted on 209 fundamental types 3, 9, 182 getbits function 45 getc 152 getc macro 166 getch function 79 getchar 13, 144 getchar, buffered 162 getchar macro 152 getchar, unbuffered 161 getchar, value of 40 getint function 93 getline function 26, 67 getop function 78 getword function 127 goto statement 62, 204 greater than operator, \> 38, 189 greater than or equal to operator, \>= 38, 189 _grep_ program 65, 112 hash function 135 hash table 134 hexadecimal constant 35, 180 #if 208 if statement 17 #ifdef 208 if-else ambiguity 52, 201 if-else statement 3, 19, 51, 201 #ifndef 208 illegal pointer arithmetic 98, 99 implicit declaration 208 implicit declaration of function 68, 186, 209 #include 86, 143, 207 inconsistent type declaration 70 increment operator, ++ 16, 42, 102, 187 indentation 10, 16, 52 index function 67 indirection operator, \* 89, 187 inequality operator, != 14, 38, 190 infinite loop 57 infix notation 72 information hiding 65, 66, 73, 75, 81 initialization 37, 198 initialization, array 83, 109, 198 initialization, character array 84, 199 initialization, default 84, 198 initialization in blocks 201 initialization of automatics 28, 37, 82, 198 initialization of externals 37, 72, 77, 82 initialization of registers 82 initialization of statics 37, 82, 198 initialization of structure arrays 124 initialization of two-dimensional array 105 initialization, pointer 97, 129 initialization, structure 120, 121, 198 initializer, permitted form of 211 mode entry 169 input and output, terminal 13, 144, 160 input, buffered 160 input, character 13 input conversion 92 input, formatted 11, 147 input, pushback of 79 input redirection 144 input, unbuffered 160 install function 136 INDEX 225 int type 9, 34, 193 integer constant 10, 180 integer-character conversion 41, 183 integer-floating conversion 10, 184 integer- long conversion 183 integer-pointer conversion 188, 210 integer-unsigned conversion 184 integral types 183 Interdata UNIX 2 internal names, length of 33 internal **static** variables 80 I/O redirection 144, 152, 160 **isalpha** macro 127, 156 **isdigit** macro 127, 156 **islower** macro 156 **isspace** macro 156 **isupper** macro 145, 156 **itoa** function 60 keyword count program 125 keywords, list of 180 label 62, 204 labeled statement 204 **%ld** conversion 16 leap year computation 37 left shift operator, « 45, 189 length of names 33, 179 length of string 27, 36, 99 less than operator, \< 38, 189 less than or equal to operator, \<= 38, 189 lexical conventions 179 lexical scope 205 lexicographic sorting 114 library function 6, 7, 65, 76 library, standard 4, 92, 96, 127, 143, 159, 165 **#1ine** 208 line count program 17 _lint_ program verifier 3, 50, 68, 103, 141 list directory program 169 list of keywords 180 loading from standard library 144 loading multiple files 68 local variable 28 logical AND operator, && 19, 38, 45, 190 logical expression, value of 41 logical negation operator, ! 38, 187 logical operators 38 logical OR operator, I I 19, 38, 45, 191 long constant 35, 180 **long** type 9, 16, 34, 182, 193 longest line program 26 long-integer conversion 183 **lookup** function 135 loop, **for** 11 loop, infinite 57 loop, test at the bottom 59 loop, test at the top 17, 59, 108 loop, **while** 9 lower case program 145 lower function 40 _/s_ command 169 **lseek** system call 164 !value 183 machine dependency 38, 40, 45, 81, 98, 103, 130, 133, 138, 139, 141, 166, 173, 212 macro preprocessor 86, 207 macros with arguments 87 magic number 12 main function 6 mandatory declaration 8, 36, 76 member name, structure 120, 197 missing storage class specifier 193 missing type specifier 193 modularization 22, 25, 30, 72, 73, 106 modulus operator, % 37, 188 **month\_day** function 104, 123 **month\_name** function 109 **morecore** function 176 multi-dimensional array 103, 210 multiple assignment 19 multiple files, compiling 68 multiplication operator, \* 37, 188 multiplicative operators 188 multi-way decision 21, 53 **\n** newline character 7, 17 name, symbolic 12 names, length of 33, 179 negative character 40, 183 nested assignment statement 15, 19 nested structure 120 newline character, \n 7, 17 null character, \0 27, 35 **NULL** pointer 97, 192 null statement 16, 204 null string 36 number of arguments, variable 71 numbers, size of 9, 16, 34, 182 **numcmp** function 117 numeric sorting 114 %o conversion 11 octal character constant 35 octal constant 35, 180 one's complement operator, - 45, 187 open system call 162 operations permitted on functions 209 operations permitted on pointers 99 operations permitted on structures 209 operations permitted on unions 209 operators, additive 188 operators, arithmetic 37, 188 operators, assignment 38, 46, 191 226 THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE operators, associativity of 48, 185 operators, bitwise 44, 190 operators, commutative 37, 49, 185 operators, equality 38, 190 operators, logical 38 operators, multiplicative 188 operators, precedence of 15, 48, 91, 122, 123, 185, 215 operators, relational 14, 38, 189 operators, shift 44, 189 order of evaluation 19, 37, 45, 49, 50, 59, 75, 87, 91, 185, 212 order of evaluation of expressions 49, 185 origin, subscript 20 output, character 13 output, formatted 10, 145 output redirection 144 overflow 38, 185 parameter, formal 23, 81, 95, 204 parenthesized expression 186 pattern finding program 66, 112, 113 PDP-11 UNIX 2 permitted form of initializer 211 permitted on functions, operations 209 permitted on structures, operations 209 permitted on unions, operations 209 pipe 144, 160 pointer argument 95 pointer arithmetic 90, 94, 96, 113, 129, 188 pointer arithmetic, illegal 98, 99 pointer arithmetic, scaling in 94, 98 pointer, character 99 pointer comparison 98, 189 pointer conversion 133, 188, 210 pointer, declaration of 90, 95, 194 pointer, file 151, 165 pointer initialization 97, 129 pointer, **NULL** 97, 192 pointer subtraction 98 pointer to function 114, 141, 209 pointer to structure 128 pointer-integer conversion 102, 184, 188, 210 pointers 3, 24 pointers and arrays 93, 110 pointers and subscripts 93 pointers, array of 105 pointers, operations permitted on 99 Polish notation 72 pop function 75 portability 2, 3, 35, 40, 45, 71, 103, 139, 141, 143, 145, 166, 173, 212 position of braces 10 postfix ++ and -- 42, 101, 187 power function 23, 24 precedence of operators 15, 48, 91, 122, 123, 185, 215 prefix ++ and -- 42, 102, 187 preprocessor, macro 86, 207 primary expression 185 printd function 85 printf 7, 11, 145 program arguments 110 program, calculator 70, 72, 75, 150 program, _cat_ 151, 153, 154 program, character count 16 program, copy 15 program, _cp_ 163 program, echo 111 program, file copy 14, 161 program format 10, 16, 130, 179 program, _fsize_ 171 program, _grep_ 65, 112 program, keyword count 125 program, line count 17 program, list directory 169 program, longest line 26 program, lower case 145 program, pattern finding 66, 112, 113 program readability 19, 39, 57, 60, 61, 85 program, sorting 106, 115 program, table lookup 134 program, temperature conversion 8 program, trailing blanks 61 program verifier, _lint_ 3, 50, 68, 103, 141 program, white space count 20, 55 program, word count 18, 130 protection mode, file 162 push function 75 pushback of input 79 putc 152 putc macro 166 putchar 13, 144 putchar macro 152 read system call 160 readability, program 10, 15, 19, 33, 39, 47, 52, 57, 60, 61, 83, 85, 141 readlines function 107 recursion 3, 84, 131, 132, 186 recursive data structure 131 redirection of I/O 144 register declaration 81 register storage class 81, 192 registers, initialization of 82 relational expression, value of 41 relational operators 14, 38, 189 reserved words 33, 180 restrictions on fields 138, 197 restrictions on registers 212 restrictions on structures 121, 209 restrictions on types 195 restrictions on unions 140, 209 return, conversion by 70 INDEX 227 **return** statement 23, 68, 70, 203 **return,** type conversion by 70, 203 **reverse** function 59 reverse Polish notation 72 rewind file 164 right shift operator, » 45, 189 rules, scope 76, 205 rules, type conversion 41, 184 %s conversion 11, 27 **sbrk** system call 175 scaling in pointer arithmetic 94, 98 **scanf** 147 **scanf** assignment suppression 148 scientific notation 34 scope of automatics 76 scope of externals 76, 206 scope rules 76, 205 **seek** system call 164 self-referential structure 131, 197 semantics, structure reference 186 semicolon 9, 13, 16, 51, 53 separate compilation 3, 65, 76, 205 sequencing of statements 201 Shell sort 58, 108 shift operators 44, 189 **short** type 9, 34, 182, 193 side effects 50, 87, 185 sign extension 40, 41, 166, 212 signed character 40, 182 single quote character 17 size of numbers 9, 16, 34, 182 **sizeof** operator 126, 187 **sort** function 58, 108, 116 sorting, lexicographic 114 sorting, numeric 114 sorting program 106, 115 sorting text lines 105 specifier, missing storage class 193 specifier, missing type 193 specifier, storage class 192 specifier, type 193 **sprintf** 150 **squeeze** function 43 squirrel 131 **sscanf** 150 standard error 160 standard input 144, 160 standard library 4, 92, 96, 127, 143, 159, 165 standard library, loading from 144 standard output 144, 160 **stat** definitions 171 **stat** structure 170 **stat** system call 170 statement grouping 3, 51 Aatement terminator 9, 51 statements 201 statements, sequencing of 201 **stat.h** 170 **static** declaration 80 **static** storage class 28, 80, 192 **static** variables, external 80 **static** variables, internal 80 statics, initialization of 37, 82, 198 **stderr** 152, 154 **stdin** 152 **stdio.h** contents 166 stdio .h header file 143 **stdout** 152 storage allocator 96, 133, 136, 210 storage allocator, **calloc** 157 storage class, **auto** 23, 28, 192 storage class declaration 192 storage class, **extern** 192 storage class, **register** 81, 192 storage class specifier 192 storage class specifier, missing 193 storage class, **static** 28, 80, 192 storage order of array 104, 210 **strcat** function 44 strcmp function 101 strcpy function 100 string constant 7, 18, 35, 99, 181 string, end of 27, 35 string, length of 27, 36, 99 string, type of 186 **strlen** function 36, 95, 98 **strsave** function 103 structure arrays, initialization of 124 structure declaration 119, 196 structure initialization 120, 121, 198 structure member name 120, 197 structure member operator, . 120, 185 structure, nested 120 structure pointer operator, -\> 122, 185 structure, pointer to 128 structure reference semantics 186 structure reference syntax 186 structure, self-referential 131, 197 structure tag 119, 197 structures, arrays of 123 structures, operations permitted on 209 structures, restrictions on 121, 209 subarray argument 95 subscript expression 20 subscript origin 20 subscripting, explanation of 93, 210 subscripts and pointers 93 subtraction operator, - 37, 188 subtraction, pointer 98 **swap** function 92, 117 **switch** statement 3, 22, 54, 73, 202 228 THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE typeless language 2 types, arithmetic 183 types, derived 3, 9, 183 types, floating 183 types, fundamental 3, 9, 182 types, integral 183 types, restrictions on 195 **types.h** 170 unary expression 187 unary minus operator, - 37, 187 unbuffered **getchar** 161 unbuffered input 160 **#undef** 207 underflow 38 underscore character 33, 179 **ungetc** 156 **ungetch** function 79 union, alignment by 174 **union** declaration 138, 196 union tag 197 unions, operations permitted on 209 unions, restrictions on 140, 209 UNIX file system 159, 169 UNIX, Interdata 2 UNIX operating system 2, 4 UNIX, PDP-11 2 **unlink** system call 163 **unsigned** type 34, 45, 183, 193 **unsigned**** - ****integer** conversion 184 use of **typedef** 173 value of **EOF** 14, 40, 144 value of **getchar** 40 value of logical expression 41 value of relational expression 41 variable, address of 24, 89 variable, automatic 23, 28, 72 variable, external 28, 72 variable names, length of 33 variable names, syntax of 33 variable number of arguments 71 **while** statement 3, 9, 56, 202 white space count program 20, 55 word count program 18, 130 **write** system call 160 **writelines** function 107, 108 %x conversion 11 zero, omitted test against 52, 99, 101 symbolic constant 12, 14, 18, 86, 127 symbolic constants, length of 33 syntax notation 182 syntax of declaration 36 syntax of variable names 33 syntax, structure reference 186 syntax summary 214 **system** 157 tab character 7 table lookup program 134 tag, structure 119, 197 tag, union 197 temperature conversion program 8 terminal input and output 13, 144, 160 termination, program 153, 154 test at the bottom loop 59 test at the top loop 17, 59, 108 text lines, sorting 105 token replacement 207 **tolower** macro 145, 156 too-long **#define** 86 **toupper** macro 156 trailing blanks program 61 tree, binary 130 **tree** function 132 **treeprint** function 133 truncation 10, 37, 70 truth value conversion 41 two-dimensional array 103 two-dimensional array, initialization of 105 two-dimensional array subscripts 104 type, **char** 9, 34, 182, 193 type checking 3, 133 type conversion by **return** 70, 203 type conversion, explicit 42, 133, 157 type conversion operator 42 type conversion rules 41, 184 type conversions 39 type declaration 194 type declaration, inconsistent 70 type, **double** 9, 16, 34, 193 type, **float** 9, 34, 193 **type** function 127 type, **int** 9, 34, 193 type, long 9, 16, 34, 182, 193 type mismatch 70 type names 199 type of a variable 8 type of expression 12 type of string 186 type, **short** 9, 34, 182, 193 type specifier 193 type specifier, missing 193 type, **unsigned** 34, 45, 183, 193 **typedef** declaration 140, 192, 200 **typedef,** use of 173