EVOLUTION-MANAGER
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>R: Biplot of Multivariate Data</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="R.css" /> </head><body> <table width="100%" summary="page for biplot {stats}"><tr><td>biplot {stats}</td><td style="text-align: right;">R Documentation</td></tr></table> <h2>Biplot of Multivariate Data</h2> <h3>Description</h3> <p>Plot a biplot on the current graphics device. </p> <h3>Usage</h3> <pre> biplot(x, ...) ## Default S3 method: biplot(x, y, var.axes = TRUE, col, cex = rep(par("cex"), 2), xlabs = NULL, ylabs = NULL, expand = 1, xlim = NULL, ylim = NULL, arrow.len = 0.1, main = NULL, sub = NULL, xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL, ...) </pre> <h3>Arguments</h3> <table summary="R argblock"> <tr valign="top"><td><code>x</code></td> <td> <p>The <code>biplot</code>, a fitted object. For <code>biplot.default</code>, the first set of points (a two-column matrix), usually associated with observations.</p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td><code>y</code></td> <td> <p>The second set of points (a two-column matrix), usually associated with variables.</p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td><code>var.axes</code></td> <td> <p>If <code>TRUE</code> the second set of points have arrows representing them as (unscaled) axes.</p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td><code>col</code></td> <td> <p>A vector of length 2 giving the colours for the first and second set of points respectively (and the corresponding axes). If a single colour is specified it will be used for both sets. If missing the default colour is looked for in the <code><a href="../../grDevices/html/palette.html">palette</a></code>: if there it and the next colour as used, otherwise the first two colours of the palette are used.</p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td><code>cex</code></td> <td> <p>The character expansion factor used for labelling the points. The labels can be of different sizes for the two sets by supplying a vector of length two.</p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td><code>xlabs</code></td> <td> <p>A vector of character strings to label the first set of points: the default is to use the row dimname of <code>x</code>, or <code>1:n</code> if the dimname is <code>NULL</code>.</p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td><code>ylabs</code></td> <td> <p>A vector of character strings to label the second set of points: the default is to use the row dimname of <code>y</code>, or <code>1:n</code> if the dimname is <code>NULL</code>.</p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td><code>expand</code></td> <td> <p>An expansion factor to apply when plotting the second set of points relative to the first. This can be used to tweak the scaling of the two sets to a physically comparable scale.</p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td><code>arrow.len</code></td> <td> <p>The length of the arrow heads on the axes plotted in <code>var.axes</code> is true. The arrow head can be suppressed by <code>arrow.len = 0</code>.</p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td><code>xlim, ylim</code></td> <td> <p>Limits for the x and y axes in the units of the first set of variables.</p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"><td><code>main, sub, xlab, ylab, ...</code></td> <td> <p>graphical parameters.</p> </td></tr> </table> <h3>Details</h3> <p>A biplot is plot which aims to represent both the observations and variables of a matrix of multivariate data on the same plot. There are many variations on biplots (see the references) and perhaps the most widely used one is implemented by <code><a href="biplot.princomp.html">biplot.princomp</a></code>. The function <code>biplot.default</code> merely provides the underlying code to plot two sets of variables on the same figure. </p> <p>Graphical parameters can also be given to <code>biplot</code>: the size of <code>xlabs</code> and <code>ylabs</code> is controlled by <code>cex</code>. </p> <h3>Side Effects</h3> <p>a plot is produced on the current graphics device. </p> <h3>References</h3> <p>K. R. Gabriel (1971). The biplot graphical display of matrices with application to principal component analysis. <em>Biometrika</em>, <b>58</b>, 453–467. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2334381">10.2307/2334381</a>. </p> <p>J.C. Gower and D. J. Hand (1996). <em>Biplots</em>. Chapman & Hall. </p> <h3>See Also</h3> <p><code><a href="biplot.princomp.html">biplot.princomp</a></code>, also for examples.</p> <hr /><div style="text-align: center;">[Package <em>stats</em> version 3.6.0 <a href="00Index.html">Index</a>]</div> </body></html>