EVOLUTION-MANAGER

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<table width="100%" summary="page for theme {ggplot2}"><tr><td>theme {ggplot2}</td><td style="text-align: right;">R Documentation</td></tr></table>

<h2>Modify components of a theme</h2>

<h3>Description</h3>

Themes are a powerful way to customize the non-data components of your plots:
i.e. titles, labels, fonts, background, gridlines, and legends. Themes can be
used to give plots a consistent customized look. Modify a single plot's theme
using <code>theme()</code>; see <code><a href="theme_get.html">theme_update()</a></code> if you want modify the active theme, to
affect all subsequent plots. Use the themes available in <a href="ggtheme.html">complete themes</a> if you would like to use a complete theme such as
<code>theme_bw()</code>, <code>theme_minimal()</code>, and more. Theme elements are documented
together according to inheritance, read more about theme inheritance below.

<h3>Usage</h3>

<pre>
theme(
 line,
 rect,
 text,
 title,
 aspect.ratio,
 axis.title,
 axis.title.x,
 axis.title.x.top,
 axis.title.x.bottom,
 axis.title.y,
 axis.title.y.left,
 axis.title.y.right,
 axis.text,
 axis.text.x,
 axis.text.x.top,
 axis.text.x.bottom,
 axis.text.y,
 axis.text.y.left,
 axis.text.y.right,
 axis.ticks,
 axis.ticks.x,
 axis.ticks.x.top,
 axis.ticks.x.bottom,
 axis.ticks.y,
 axis.ticks.y.left,
 axis.ticks.y.right,
 axis.ticks.length,
 axis.ticks.length.x,
 axis.ticks.length.x.top,
 axis.ticks.length.x.bottom,
 axis.ticks.length.y,
 axis.ticks.length.y.left,
 axis.ticks.length.y.right,
 axis.line,
 axis.line.x,
 axis.line.x.top,
 axis.line.x.bottom,
 axis.line.y,
 axis.line.y.left,
 axis.line.y.right,
 legend.background,
 legend.margin,
 legend.spacing,
 legend.spacing.x,
 legend.spacing.y,
 legend.key,
 legend.key.size,
 legend.key.height,
 legend.key.width,
 legend.text,
 legend.text.align,
 legend.title,
 legend.title.align,
 legend.position,
 legend.direction,
 legend.justification,
 legend.box,
 legend.box.just,
 legend.box.margin,
 legend.box.background,
 legend.box.spacing,
 panel.background,
 panel.border,
 panel.spacing,
 panel.spacing.x,
 panel.spacing.y,
 panel.grid,
 panel.grid.major,
 panel.grid.minor,
 panel.grid.major.x,
 panel.grid.major.y,
 panel.grid.minor.x,
 panel.grid.minor.y,
 panel.ontop,
 plot.background,
 plot.title,
 plot.title.position,
 plot.subtitle,
 plot.caption,
 plot.caption.position,
 plot.tag,
 plot.tag.position,
 plot.margin,
 strip.background,
 strip.background.x,
 strip.background.y,
 strip.placement,
 strip.text,
 strip.text.x,
 strip.text.y,
 strip.switch.pad.grid,
 strip.switch.pad.wrap,
 ...,
 complete = FALSE,
 validate = TRUE
)
</pre>

<h3>Arguments</h3>

<table summary="R argblock">
<tr valign="top"><td><code>line</code></td>
<td>
all line elements (<code><a href="element.html">element_line()</a></code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>rect</code></td>
<td>
all rectangular elements (<code><a href="element.html">element_rect()</a></code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>text</code></td>
<td>
all text elements (<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>title</code></td>
<td>
all title elements: plot, axes, legends (<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>;
inherits from <code>text</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>aspect.ratio</code></td>
<td>
aspect ratio of the panel
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>axis.title, axis.title.x, axis.title.y, axis.title.x.top, axis.title.x.bottom, axis.title.y.left, axis.title.y.right</code></td>
<td>
labels of axes (<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>). Specify all axes' labels (<code>axis.title</code>),
labels by plane (using <code>axis.title.x</code> or <code>axis.title.y</code>), or individually
for each axis (using <code>axis.title.x.bottom</code>, <code>axis.title.x.top</code>,
<code>axis.title.y.left</code>, <code>axis.title.y.right</code>). <code style="white-space: pre;">axis.title.*.*</code> inherits from
<code style="white-space: pre;">axis.title.*</code> which inherits from <code>axis.title</code>, which in turn inherits
from <code>text</code>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>axis.text, axis.text.x, axis.text.y, axis.text.x.top, axis.text.x.bottom, axis.text.y.left, axis.text.y.right</code></td>
<td>
tick labels along axes (<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>). Specify all axis tick labels (<code>axis.text</code>),
tick labels by plane (using <code>axis.text.x</code> or <code>axis.text.y</code>), or individually
for each axis (using <code>axis.text.x.bottom</code>, <code>axis.text.x.top</code>,
<code>axis.text.y.left</code>, <code>axis.text.y.right</code>). <code style="white-space: pre;">axis.text.*.*</code> inherits from
<code style="white-space: pre;">axis.text.*</code> which inherits from <code>axis.text</code>, which in turn inherits
from <code>text</code>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>axis.ticks, axis.ticks.x, axis.ticks.x.top, axis.ticks.x.bottom, axis.ticks.y, axis.ticks.y.left, axis.ticks.y.right</code></td>
<td>
tick marks along axes (<code><a href="element.html">element_line()</a></code>). Specify all tick marks (<code>axis.ticks</code>),
ticks by plane (using <code>axis.ticks.x</code> or <code>axis.ticks.y</code>), or individually
for each axis (using <code>axis.ticks.x.bottom</code>, <code>axis.ticks.x.top</code>,
<code>axis.ticks.y.left</code>, <code>axis.ticks.y.right</code>). <code style="white-space: pre;">axis.ticks.*.*</code> inherits from
<code style="white-space: pre;">axis.ticks.*</code> which inherits from <code>axis.ticks</code>, which in turn inherits
from <code>line</code>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>axis.ticks.length, axis.ticks.length.x, axis.ticks.length.x.top, axis.ticks.length.x.bottom, axis.ticks.length.y, axis.ticks.length.y.left, axis.ticks.length.y.right</code></td>
<td>
length of tick marks (<code>unit</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>axis.line, axis.line.x, axis.line.x.top, axis.line.x.bottom, axis.line.y, axis.line.y.left, axis.line.y.right</code></td>
<td>
lines along axes (<code><a href="element.html">element_line()</a></code>). Specify lines along all axes (<code>axis.line</code>),
lines for each plane (using <code>axis.line.x</code> or <code>axis.line.y</code>), or individually
for each axis (using <code>axis.line.x.bottom</code>, <code>axis.line.x.top</code>,
<code>axis.line.y.left</code>, <code>axis.line.y.right</code>). <code style="white-space: pre;">axis.line.*.*</code> inherits from
<code style="white-space: pre;">axis.line.*</code> which inherits from <code>axis.line</code>, which in turn inherits
from <code>line</code>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.background</code></td>
<td>
background of legend (<code><a href="element.html">element_rect()</a></code>; inherits
from <code>rect</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.margin</code></td>
<td>
the margin around each legend (<code><a href="element.html">margin()</a></code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.spacing, legend.spacing.x, legend.spacing.y</code></td>
<td>
the spacing between legends (<code>unit</code>). <code>legend.spacing.x</code> &amp; <code>legend.spacing.y</code>
inherit from <code>legend.spacing</code> or can be specified separately
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.key</code></td>
<td>
background underneath legend keys (<code><a href="element.html">element_rect()</a></code>;
inherits from <code>rect</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.key.size, legend.key.height, legend.key.width</code></td>
<td>
size of legend keys (<code>unit</code>); key background height &amp; width inherit from
<code>legend.key.size</code> or can be specified separately
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.text</code></td>
<td>
legend item labels (<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>; inherits from
<code>text</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.text.align</code></td>
<td>
alignment of legend labels (number from 0 (left) to
1 (right))
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.title</code></td>
<td>
title of legend (<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>; inherits from
<code>title</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.title.align</code></td>
<td>
alignment of legend title (number from 0 (left) to
1 (right))
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.position</code></td>
<td>
the position of legends (&quot;none&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, &quot;right&quot;,
&quot;bottom&quot;, &quot;top&quot;, or two-element numeric vector)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.direction</code></td>
<td>
layout of items in legends (&quot;horizontal&quot; or
&quot;vertical&quot;)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.justification</code></td>
<td>
anchor point for positioning legend inside plot
(&quot;center&quot; or two-element numeric vector) or the justification according to
the plot area when positioned outside the plot
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.box</code></td>
<td>
arrangement of multiple legends (&quot;horizontal&quot; or
&quot;vertical&quot;)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.box.just</code></td>
<td>
justification of each legend within the overall
bounding box, when there are multiple legends (&quot;top&quot;, &quot;bottom&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, or
&quot;right&quot;)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.box.margin</code></td>
<td>
margins around the full legend area, as specified
using <code><a href="element.html">margin()</a></code>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.box.background</code></td>
<td>
background of legend area (<code><a href="element.html">element_rect()</a></code>;
inherits from <code>rect</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>legend.box.spacing</code></td>
<td>
The spacing between the plotting area and the
legend box (<code>unit</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>panel.background</code></td>
<td>
background of plotting area, drawn underneath plot
(<code><a href="element.html">element_rect()</a></code>; inherits from <code>rect</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>panel.border</code></td>
<td>
border around plotting area, drawn on top of plot so that
it covers tick marks and grid lines. This should be used with
<code>fill = NA</code>
(<code><a href="element.html">element_rect()</a></code>; inherits from <code>rect</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>panel.spacing, panel.spacing.x, panel.spacing.y</code></td>
<td>
spacing between facet
panels (<code>unit</code>). <code>panel.spacing.x</code> &amp; <code>panel.spacing.y</code> inherit from <code>panel.spacing</code>
or can be specified separately.
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>panel.grid, panel.grid.major, panel.grid.minor, panel.grid.major.x, panel.grid.major.y, panel.grid.minor.x, panel.grid.minor.y</code></td>
<td>
grid lines (<code><a href="element.html">element_line()</a></code>). Specify major grid lines,
or minor grid lines separately (using <code>panel.grid.major</code> or <code>panel.grid.minor</code>)
or individually for each axis (using <code>panel.grid.major.x</code>, <code>panel.grid.minor.x</code>,
<code>panel.grid.major.y</code>, <code>panel.grid.minor.y</code>). Y axis grid lines are horizontal
and x axis grid lines are vertical. <code style="white-space: pre;">panel.grid.*.*</code> inherits from
<code style="white-space: pre;">panel.grid.*</code> which inherits from <code>panel.grid</code>, which in turn inherits
from <code>line</code>
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>panel.ontop</code></td>
<td>
option to place the panel (background, gridlines) over
the data layers (<code>logical</code>). Usually used with a transparent or blank
<code>panel.background</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>plot.background</code></td>
<td>
background of the entire plot (<code><a href="element.html">element_rect()</a></code>;
inherits from <code>rect</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>plot.title</code></td>
<td>
plot title (text appearance) (<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>; inherits
from <code>title</code>) left-aligned by default
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>plot.title.position, plot.caption.position</code></td>
<td>
Alignment of the plot title/subtitle
and caption. The setting for <code>plot.title.position</code> applies to both
the title and the subtitle. A value of &quot;panel&quot; (the default) means that
titles and/or caption are aligned to the plot panels. A value of &quot;plot&quot; means
that titles and/or caption are aligned to the entire plot (minus any space
for margins and plot tag).
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>plot.subtitle</code></td>
<td>
plot subtitle (text appearance) (<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>;
inherits from <code>title</code>) left-aligned by default
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>plot.caption</code></td>
<td>
caption below the plot (text appearance)
(<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>; inherits from <code>title</code>) right-aligned by default
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>plot.tag</code></td>
<td>
upper-left label to identify a plot (text appearance)
(<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>; inherits from <code>title</code>) left-aligned by default
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>plot.tag.position</code></td>
<td>
The position of the tag as a string (&quot;topleft&quot;,
&quot;top&quot;, &quot;topright&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, &quot;right&quot;, &quot;bottomleft&quot;, &quot;bottom&quot;, &quot;bottomright)
or a coordinate. If a string, extra space will be added to accommodate the
tag.
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>plot.margin</code></td>
<td>
margin around entire plot (<code>unit</code> with the sizes of
the top, right, bottom, and left margins)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>strip.background, strip.background.x, strip.background.y</code></td>
<td>
background of facet labels (<code><a href="element.html">element_rect()</a></code>;
inherits from <code>rect</code>). Horizontal facet background (<code>strip.background.x</code>)
&amp; vertical facet background (<code>strip.background.y</code>) inherit from
<code>strip.background</code> or can be specified separately
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>strip.placement</code></td>
<td>
placement of strip with respect to axes,
either &quot;inside&quot; or &quot;outside&quot;. Only important when axes and strips are
on the same side of the plot.
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>strip.text, strip.text.x, strip.text.y</code></td>
<td>
facet labels (<code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code>;
inherits from <code>text</code>). Horizontal facet labels (<code>strip.text.x</code>) &amp; vertical
facet labels (<code>strip.text.y</code>) inherit from <code>strip.text</code> or can be specified
separately
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>strip.switch.pad.grid</code></td>
<td>
space between strips and axes when strips are
switched (<code>unit</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>strip.switch.pad.wrap</code></td>
<td>
space between strips and axes when strips are
switched (<code>unit</code>)
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>...</code></td>
<td>
additional element specifications not part of base ggplot2. In general,
these should also be defined in the <code style="white-space: pre;">element tree</code> argument.
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>complete</code></td>
<td>
set this to <code>TRUE</code> if this is a complete theme, such as
the one returned by <code><a href="ggtheme.html">theme_grey()</a></code>. Complete themes behave
differently when added to a ggplot object. Also, when setting
<code>complete = TRUE</code> all elements will be set to inherit from blank
elements.
</td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td><code>validate</code></td>
<td>
<code>TRUE</code> to run <code>validate_element()</code>, <code>FALSE</code> to bypass checks.
</td></tr>
</table>

<h3>Theme inheritance</h3>

Theme elements inherit properties from other theme elements hierarchically.
For example, <code>axis.title.x.bottom</code> inherits from <code>axis.title.x</code> which inherits
from <code>axis.title</code>, which in turn inherits from <code>text</code>. All text elements inherit
directly or indirectly from <code>text</code>; all lines inherit from
<code>line</code>, and all rectangular objects inherit from <code>rect</code>.
This means that you can modify the appearance of multiple elements by
setting a single high-level component.

Learn more about setting these aesthetics in <code>vignette("ggplot2-specs")</code>.

<code><a href="gg-add.html">+.gg()</a></code> and <a href="theme_get.html">%+replace%</a>,
<code><a href="element.html">element_blank()</a></code>, <code><a href="element.html">element_line()</a></code>,
<code><a href="element.html">element_rect()</a></code>, and <code><a href="element.html">element_text()</a></code> for
details of the specific theme elements.

<h3>Examples</h3>

<pre>
p1 &lt;- ggplot(mtcars, aes(wt, mpg)) +
 geom_point() +
 labs(title = "Fuel economy declines as weight increases")
p1

# Plot ---------------------------------------------------------------------
p1 + theme(plot.title = element_text(size = rel(2)))
p1 + theme(plot.background = element_rect(fill = "green"))

# Panels --------------------------------------------------------------------

p1 + theme(panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white", colour = "grey50"))
p1 + theme(panel.border = element_rect(linetype = "dashed", fill = NA))
p1 + theme(panel.grid.major = element_line(colour = "black"))
p1 + theme(
  panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
  panel.grid.minor.y = element_blank()
)

# Put gridlines on top of data
p1 + theme(
  panel.background = element_rect(fill = NA),
  panel.grid.major = element_line(colour = "grey50"),
  panel.ontop = TRUE
)

# Axes ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Change styles of axes texts and lines
p1 + theme(axis.line = element_line(size = 3, colour = "grey80"))
p1 + theme(axis.text = element_text(colour = "blue"))
p1 + theme(axis.ticks = element_line(size = 2))

# Change the appearance of the y-axis title
p1 + theme(axis.title.y = element_text(size = rel(1.5), angle = 90))

# Make ticks point outwards on y-axis and inwards on x-axis
p1 + theme(
  axis.ticks.length.y = unit(.25, "cm"),
  axis.ticks.length.x = unit(-.25, "cm"),
  axis.text.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = .3, unit = "cm"))
)

# Legend --------------------------------------------------------------------
p2 &lt;- ggplot(mtcars, aes(wt, mpg)) +
  geom_point(aes(colour = factor(cyl), shape = factor(vs))) +
  labs(
    x = "Weight (1000 lbs)",
    y = "Fuel economy (mpg)",
    colour = "Cylinders",
    shape = "Transmission"
   )
p2

# Position
p2 + theme(legend.position = "none")
p2 + theme(legend.justification = "top")
p2 + theme(legend.position = "bottom")

# Or place legends inside the plot using relative coordinates between 0 and 1
# legend.justification sets the corner that the position refers to
p2 + theme(
  legend.position = c(.95, .95),
  legend.justification = c("right", "top"),
  legend.box.just = "right",
  legend.margin = margin(6, 6, 6, 6)
)

# The legend.box properties work similarly for the space around
# all the legends
p2 + theme(
  legend.box.background = element_rect(),
  legend.box.margin = margin(6, 6, 6, 6)
)

# You can also control the display of the keys
# and the justification related to the plot area can be set
p2 + theme(legend.key = element_rect(fill = "white", colour = "black"))
p2 + theme(legend.text = element_text(size = 8, colour = "red"))
p2 + theme(legend.title = element_text(face = "bold"))

# Strips --------------------------------------------------------------------

p3 &lt;- ggplot(mtcars, aes(wt, mpg)) +
  geom_point() +
  facet_wrap(~ cyl)
p3

p3 + theme(strip.background = element_rect(colour = "black", fill = "white"))
p3 + theme(strip.text.x = element_text(colour = "white", face = "bold"))
p3 + theme(panel.spacing = unit(1, "lines"))

</pre>

<hr /><div style="text-align: center;">[Package ggplot2 version 3.3.2 <a href="00Index.html">Index</a>]</div>
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